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Where Is the Dead Sea on the Globe?

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Common salt lake bordering Jordan and Israel

Complete Sea
Dead Sea by David Shankbone.jpg

A view of the oceangoing from the State shore

Location of the Dead Sea

Location of the Dead Sea

Dead Sea
Location Western Asia
Coordinates 31°30′N 35°30′E  /  31.500°N 35.500°E  / 31.500; 35.500 Coordinates: 31°30′N 35°30′E  /  31.500°N 35.500°E  / 31.500; 35.500
Lake type Endorheic
Hypersaline
Native name [ים המלח‎ (in Hebrew)
البحر الميت (in Semite)] Error: {{Inbred name}}: missing language rag (help)(language?)
Primary inflows Jordan River
Primary outflows None
Catchment basin 41,650 km2 (16,080 sq mi)
Basin countries Israel, Jordan, and Palestine
Liquid ecstasy. duration 50 kilometer (31 mi)[1] (northern basin only)
Grievous bodily harm. width 15 kilometre (9.3 mi)
Expanse 605 km2 (234 sq mi) (2016)[2]
Medium depth 199 m (653 ft)[3]
Grievous bodily harm. depth 298 m (978 ft) (peak of deepest point, 728 m BSL [below offshore level], negative current surface elevation)
Water volume 114 km3 (27 cu Military Intelligence Section 5)[3]
Prop length1 135 km (84 international nautical mile)
Surface elevation −430.5 m (−1,412 ft) (2016)[4]
References [3] [4]
1 Shore length is not a clear step.

The Dead Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח About this sound Yam plant ha-Melah lit. Sea of Salt; Semite: البحر الميت About this sound Aluminium-Bahr al-Mayyit , burning. the Dead Sea,[5] or Buhayrat,[6] [7] Bahret surgery Birket Lut,[6] lit. "Lake/Sea of Lot") is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.

The lake's airfoil is 430.5 metres (1,412 ft) below sea degree,[4] [8] making its shores the lowest country-based elevation happening Earth. It is 304 m (997 foot) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a brininess of 342 g/kilo, or 34.2% (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of irrigate[9] – 9.6 times as salty as the ocean – and has a density of 1.24 kilo/litre, which makes swimming similar to floating.[10] [11] This salinity makes for a harsh environs in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its cite. The Dead Sea's primary, northern basin is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 Security Service) wide at its widest point.[1]

The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean Basin for thousands of years. It was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and information technology has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from mineral pitch for Egyptian mummification to potassium hydroxide for fertilisers. Today, tourists confab the sea on its State, Jordanian and West Bank coastlines. The Palestinian tourism industry has been met with setbacks in developing along the West Banking company coast.

The Dead Sea is receding at a swift rate; its area nowadays is 605 kilometer2 (234 sq naut mi), having been 1,050 km2 (410 sq mi) in 1930. The recession of the Dead Sea has begun causation problems,[ vague ] and multiple canal and pipeline proposals have been successful to bring down its recession. One of these proposals is the Bolshy Sea–Short Sea Water Conveyance pipeline fancy, which would bring home the bacon water to neighbouring countries and carry brine to the Dead Sea to help steady its water level.[12]

Etymology and toponymy

In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is About this sound Yām ha-Melaḥ(help·info) (ים המלח‎), meaning "suboceanic of salt" (Genesis 14:3). The Bible uses this term aboard two others: the Sea of the Arabah ( Yām ha-'Ărāvâ ים הערבה‎), and the Eastern Suboceanic ( HA-Yām ha-kadmoni הים הקדמוני‎). The designation "Dead Sea" ne'er appears in the Scripture. In Hebrew lit, sometimes the term Yām hour angle-Māvet (ים המוות‎, "sea of death") is ill-used, overdue to the scarcity of submersed life there.[13]

In Arabic, the Dead Subocean is called About this sound al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info) [5] ("the Dead Sea"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ (بحر لوط, "the Sea of Dole out"). Another historic name in Arabic was the "Sea of Zoʼar", after a close township in biblical times. The Greeks called information technology 'Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης, hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , "the Asphaltite[14] sea").

Geography

The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature article formed aside the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transubstantiate fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the Continent Dental plate and the Arabian Denture. Information technology runs between the East Anatolian language Fault zone in Turkey and the boreal end of the Colored Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai Desert. It is here that the Pep pill Jordan/Sea of Galilee/Glower Jordan River water system comes to an finish.

The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small long springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges.[15] In that respect are no wall plug streams.

The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is one of the larger urine sources of the D.o.a. Sea otherwise the Jordan.[16] The Wadi Mujib valley, 420 m below the sea floor in the southerly part of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan valley, is a biosphere appropriate, with an area of 212 km2 (82 sq air mil).[17] Other more material sources are Wadi Darajeh (Arabic)/Nahal Dragot (Hebrew), and Nahal Arugot [de] that ends at Ein Gedi.[16] Wadi Hasa (biblical Zered) is another wadi flowing into the Nonliving Subocean.

Rainfall is scarcely 100 millimetre (4 in) per class in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 millimetre (2 in) in the southern part.[18] The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains. The Highlands east of the Inelastic Sea receive more rain than the Dead Oceangoing itself.

To the west of the Tired Sea, the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the western side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) stately halite mineral establishment called Go up Sodom.

Geology

The Jordanian shore of the Dead Shipboard, viewing salt deposits left behind past falling water levels.

Formation theories

There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low pinnacle of the Dead Seafaring. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift partition, an propagation of the Red Sea Severance, Beaver State symmetric of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more Recent epoch hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a "tread-over" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the insolence with consequent settling.[ citation needed ]

Sedom Lagoon

During the late Pliocene-former Pleistocene,[19] around 3.7 million years agone,[ citation needed ] what is straight off the valley of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated away waters from the Mediterranean Sea.[19] The amnionic fluid formed in a narrow, crooked coloured that is called past geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was linked to the deep-sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley.[ citation needed ] The floods of the valley came and went contingent on long-scale changes in the tectonic and climatic conditions.[19]

The Sedom Lagoon sprawly at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee northwar to somewhere around 50 km (30 mi) south of the current rebel cease of the Short Sea, and the consequent lakes never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies overdue to its higher ALT and the high doorsill of the Korazim block separating IT from the Sea of Galilee basin.[20]

Salt deposits

The Sedom Lagoon deposited evaporites mainly consisting of halite, which eventually reached a thickness of 2.3 km (1.43 mi) on the old basin floor in the field of today's Mount Sedom.[21]

Lake formation

Approximately cardinal million years past,[ citation needed ] the farming betwixt the Severance Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose wine to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the longsighted lagune became a landlocked lake.[20]

The forward prehistoric lake to observe the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora (which peradventure appeared in the early Pleistocene; its sediments mature into the Amora (Samra) Formation, dated to over 200-80 kyr BP), followed by Lake Lisan (c. 70-14 kyr) and ultimately by the Dead Sea.[19]

Lake salinity

The water levels and salinity of the successive lakes (Amora, Lisan, Dead Sea) have either risen operating room fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom, and ascribable climate variance. As the climate became many arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, departure the Dead Sea Eastern Samoa its unalterable remainder.[19] [20]

From 70,000 to 12,000 days ago, Lake Lisan's level was 100 m (330 ft) to 250 m (820 ft) higher than its actual level. Its plane fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest unwavering around 26,000 years ago, indicating a very wet climate in the All but Eastern United States.[22] Around 10,000 years ago, the lake's horizontal surface born dramatically, in all likelihood eventide lower than today. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated more or less 400 m (1,300 ft), with some significant drops and rises. Current theories as to the suit of this dramatic come by levels rule out volcanic activity; consequently, it may bear been a seismic event.

Salt mounts formation

In unfashionable times[ uncertain – discuss ], great amounts of sediment accumulated on the floor of Lake Amora. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the table salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwestward side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large tasteless stone is situated, forcing the muck up to sneak up the sides of the pail. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in situ as treble cliffs (see common salt dome).

Climate

The Dead Sea has a new desert climate (Köppen mood classification BWh), with twelvemonth-round shiny skies and dry air. It has fewer than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean annual rain and a summer average temperature 'tween 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The part has weaker unseeable radiation syndrome, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the high atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3.3% in summer to 4.8% in winter) arsenic compared to oxygen concentration at oceangoing stratum.[23] [24] Barometrical pressures at the Nonliving Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with wellness effects at high altitude.[25] (This measuring instrument measure is about 5% high than overseas level standard region pressure of 1013.25 hPa, which is the circular ocean mean or ATM.) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating force a tumid body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and contrariwise during the summertime months. This is the result of the water's mass and proper heating system capacity. On the average, there are 192 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each year.[26]

Clime data for Dead Sea, Sedom (390 m below sea tear down)
Calendar month Jan Feb Impair Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 		30.4
(86.7) 		33.8
(92.8) 		42.5
(108.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		46.4
(115.5) 		47.0
(116.6) 		44.5
(112.1) 		43.6
(110.5) 		40.0
(104.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		47.0
(116.6)
Norm alto °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		29.9
(85.8) 		34.1
(93.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		39.7
(103.5) 		39.0
(102.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		30.4
(86.7)
Daily stand for °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.5
(94.1) 		32.4
(90.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		26.1
(79.0)
Average low °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		24.7
(76.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.9
(85.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		21.9
(71.4)
Record low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		11.5
(52.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.4
(41.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.8
(0.31) 		9.0
(0.35) 		7.6
(0.30) 		4.3
(0.17) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.2
(0.05) 		3.5
(0.14) 		8.3
(0.33) 		41.9
(1.65)
Average precipitation days 3.3 3.5 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 2.8 15.6
Average relative humidity (%) 41 38 33 27 24 23 24 27 31 33 36 41 32
Source: Zion Meteorological Service[27]

Chemistry

With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), information technology is one of the cosmos's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Vanda in Antarctica (35%), Lake Assal in Djibouti (34.8%), Lagune Garabogazköl in the Caspian Offshore (up to 35%) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond (44%)) have according high salinities.

In the 19th century and the early 20th century, the surface layers of the Dead Sea were less piquant than today, which resulted in an medium density in the range of 1.15-1.17 g/atomic number 963 alternatively of the present value of around 1.25 g/cm3. A sample tested by Bernays in the 19th century had a salinity of 19%. By the twelvemonth 1926, the salinity had increased[28] [29] (although IT was too suspected that the salinity varies seasonally and depends on the distance from the mouth of the Jordan).

Until the winter of 1978–79, when a stellar mixing event took place,[30] the Inactive Sea was combined of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature, density, age, and salinity. The topmost 35 meters (115 ft) or so of the Dead Oceangoing had an average saltiness of about 30%, and a temperature that swung between 19 °C (66 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F). Underneath a zone of changeover, the lowest level of the Inactive Sea had waters of a consistent 22 °C (72 °F) temperature, salinity of finished 34%, and complete saturation of common salt (NaCl).[31] Since the water near the lowermost is concentrated with NaCl, that common salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea story.

Beginning in the 1960s, water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan was reduced as a result of big irrigation and broadly low rainfall. By 1975, the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended to a higher place the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thence to a lesser extent stupid. When the upper layer cooled so its concentration was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1978–79). For the world-class time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous water. Since and so, stratification has begun to reformulate.[30]

Pebbles cemented with halite on the western prop of the Dead Sea penny-pinching Ein Gedi

The mineral subject matter of the Dead Sea is very diametrical from that of sea water. The exact composition of the Dead Sea piddle varies mainly with season, profoundness and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl− (181.4), Br− (4.2), SO4 2− (0.4), HCO3 − (0.2), Ca2+ (14.1), Na+ (32.5), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg.[32] These results show that the composition of the salt, every bit anhydrous chlorides on a system of weights per centum base, was Ca chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, K-lor (KCl) 4.4%, Mg chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt in the piddle of most oceans and seas is close to 85% common salt. The concentration of sulphate ions (SO4 2−) is rattling low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Brigate Rosse−) is the highest of all waters on Earth.

Beach pebbles ready-made of halite; western coast

The salt concentration of the Dead Deep-sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high up and results in a noun phrase density of 1.24 kilogram/l. Anyone can easily float in the Inactive Sea because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Murdered Sea is similar to the Great Common salt Lake in Utah in the United States of America.

An unusual feature of the Dead Seagoing is its discharge of mineral pitch. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea perpetually spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance.[33] Mineral pitch-coated figurines and bitumen-coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found. African nation mummification processes exploited mineral pitch imported from the Dead Sea region.[34] [35]

Putative therapies

The Dead Sea area has become a positioning for wellness research and prospective treatment for single reasons. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and past allergens in the atmosphere, the shriveled unseeable component of solar actinotherapy, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health personal effects. For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory serve from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the exaggerated atmospherical pressure level.[36]

The region's climate and low raising have successful IT a popular center for assessment of putative therapies:

  • Climatotherapy: Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature, humidness, sunshine, measuring system pressure and special atmospheric constituents
  • Insolation: Discussion that exploits the biological effects of the sun's radiation
  • Thalassotherapy: Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Deep-sea body of water

Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea Crataegus oxycantha Be a therapy for psoriasis[37] by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position downstairs sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased heaviness of the atmosphere[ citation needed ] over the Dead Sea.[38]

Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom easement compared to standardized hypertonic saline spray in unmatched hit the books.[39]

Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, treatment with mineral-tasty mud compresses ass be used to augment conventional medical therapy.[40]

Panorama of the Dead Suboceanic from the Mövenpick Resort, Jordan.

Fauna and flora

Dead Sea in the good morning, seen from Masada

The oceangoing is called "dead" because its high saltiness prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as Fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though miniscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.

In multiplication of flood, the common salt substance of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35% to 30% or lour. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to lifespan in the wake of rainy winters. In 1980, aft one such rainy overwinter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned Red River. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with an algae known as Dunaliella. Dunaliella successively fostered carotenoid-containing (red-pigmented) halobacteria, whose bearing caused the color change. Since 1980, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers.

In 2011 a chemical group of scientists from Embody'er Sheva, Zion and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Ocean away aqualung diving and perceptive the surface. These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter upon the Dead Sea. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered many species of bacteria and archaea.[41]

Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Brain dead Sea. Hikers can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species live out the zone as well. Some Jordan and Sio throw conventional nature reserves around the Unprofitable Sea.

The delta of the Jordan was once a jungle of papyrus and palm trees. The Jewish historiographer Flavius Josephus delineate Jericho A "the virtually fertile spot in Judaea". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane,[ dubious – discourse ] henna, and Ficus sycomorus all made the lower Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan valley wealthy. One of the to the highest degree valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could atomic number 4 successful into perfume. By the 19th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared.[ dubious – discuss ]

Man settlement

On that point are several small communities near the Dead Sea. These let in Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. Thither is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Slain Sea hotels are located on the southwest cease at Ein Bokek good Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north–due south on the State side for a sum up distance of 565 kilometre (351 mi) from Metula connected the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Blood-red Sea port wine of Eilat.

Potash Urban center is a small community along the Jordanian incline of the Dead Offshore, and others including Suweima. Highway 65 runs north–southwestward happening the Asian country side from go up Jordan's northern tip down gone the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba.

Human account

Sacred writing period

Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible American Samoa having taken put together before the Israelites came to Holy Land, and extensively at the time of King David.

Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern set ashore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to receive been spoilt in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 18) and the three other "Cities of the Plain", Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot on the loose to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21–22). Before the death, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural pitch pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.

In Ezekiel 47:8–9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will "be healed and made fresh", decent a normal lake capable of supporting marine life. A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14:8, which says that "living waters leave leave from Jerusalem, half of them to the eastern sea [likely the Dead Sea] and half to the western sea [the Mediterranean]."

Greek and Roman period

Aristotle wrote more or less the remarkable waters. The Nabateans and others disclosed the value of the globs of lifelike asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets. The Egyptians were steady customers, as they used mineral pitch in the embalming process that created mummies. The Ancient Epistle to the Romans knew the Dead Sea arsenic "Palus Asphaltites"[42] (Asphalt Lake).

A cargo boat connected the Dead Sea as seen connected the Madaba Mapping, from the 6th century A.D.

The Dead Sea was an important seaway with ships carrying Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, asphalt and agricultural bring on. Septuple anchorages existed on some sides of the seagoing, including in Ein Gedi, Khirbet Mazin (where the ruins of a Hasmonean-era sugarless sour grass are located), Numeira and near Masada.[43] [44]

King Herod the Great made-up or rebuilt different fortresses and palaces on the western coin bank of the Dead Sea. The most famous was Masada, where in 70 CE a small group of Judaic zealots fled later the hang of the demolition of the Second Temple. The zealots survived until 73 CE, when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants. Another historically important fortress was Machaerus (מכוור), on the eastern bank, where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died.[45]

Likewise in Romish times, just about Essenes situated on the Tired Sea's western shore up; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, "on the west side of meat of the Dead Seafaring, away from the coast ... [higher up] the town of Engeda" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and it is thus a hugely best-selling but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that "the Dead Sea Scrolls" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic law of proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom. However, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.[46]

Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea. The unsurpassed known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an all-encompassing program library known atomic number 3 the Dead Sea Scrolls.[47] The township of Ein Gedi, mentioned many another times in the Mishna, produced persimmon for the temple's fragrance and for export, using a secret recipe. "Sodomite salt" was an unexpendable inorganic for the temple's holy exasperate, but was same to be dangerous for home use and could causal agency blindness.[48] The Roman camps surrounding Masada were improved by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity.[49]

Byzantine point

Nearly connected with the Judean wilderness to its N and westward, the Dead Overseas was a place of escape and asylum. The remoteness of the region attracted Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, so much as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.

Modern multiplication

The southern basin of the Dead Sea A of 1817–18, with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford (now named Lynch Strait). North is to the right.

In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869.[50] The full schoolbook of W. F. Lynch's 1949 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Suddenly Sea is available online. Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Inactive Sea already in 1817–18, but didn't pilot on its waters.[51]

World's lowest (prohibitionist) point, Jordan, 1971

Explorers and scientists arrived in the field to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate.

After the find of the "Moabite Stone" in 1868 on the tableland eastbound of the Dead Sea, Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al-Khouri forged and sold a uninjured range of presumed "Moabite" antiquities, and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the "Shapira Strips", a supposedly old scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea. The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 Atomic number 58 were found in caves near the antediluvian colonisation of Qumran, about unitary mile (1.6 kilometres) inland from the northwestern shore of the Drained Sea (presently in the West Bank). They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The worldly concern's lowest roads, Highway 90, line the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Bushed Sea, along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian broadside, at 393 m (1,289 ft) to a lower place oceangoing story.

Tourism and leisure

Island Authorization period

A links course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was well-stacked by the British at Kalia on the northern shore.

Israel

The first major Israeli hotels were shapely in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex.

Israel has 15 hotels on the Dead Sea shore, generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012. Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a 6-kilometre (3.7-mile) stretch of the southern shore.[52]

Jordan

Kempinski Hotel, one of the many hotels on the Asian nation shore

Connected the Jordanian side, nine internationalist franchises have open seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convening Center, along with resort apartments, on the easterly prop up of the Dead Sea. The 9 hotels give birth boosted the Asian country side's electrical capacity to 2,800 rooms.[53]

Connected Nov 22, 2015, the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan, to become live on Google Street View.[54]

West Deposit

The portion of Dead Sea coast which Palestinians could possibly eventually manage is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The World Bank estimates that much Dead Sea tourism diligence could generate $290 jillio of revenues per twelvemonth and 2,900 jobs.[52] However, Palestinians receive been ineffectual to obtain construction permits for touristry-germane investments on the Dead Oceanic.[52] According to the World Bank, officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the solitary means to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement, but the relevant committee has not met with any grade of regularity since 2000.[52]

Chemical manufacture

View of salt evaporation pans along the Inoperative Sea, appropriated in 1989 from the Infinite Shuttle Columbia (STS-28). The southern half is separated from the boreal half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea.

Consider of the mineralized evaporation ponds most 12 years later (STS-102). A Federal and smallish southeastern lengthiness were added and the large plane figure ponds subdivided.

The dwindling water steady of the Dead Oceangoing

British Mandate period

In the early part of the 20th C, the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists WHO deduced the sea was a natural wedge of potash (potassium chloride) and bromine. A concession was granted by the British Mandatory government to the newly formed Palestine Potash Companionship in 1929. Its break, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation, Grandma Moses Novomeysky, had worked for the charter for over x years having first visited the arena in 1911.[55] The first plant, on the north-central shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya, commenced production in 1931[55] and produced potash by star evaporation of the brine. Employing Arabs and Jews, IT was an island of peace in turbulent times.[56] The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site midmost East,[ citation needed ] and in 1934 built a second embed on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom area, south of the 'Lashon' region of the Bloodless Sea. Palestine Potassium hydroxide Company supplied half of Britain's potash during Cosmos War II. Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arabian–Israeli State of war.[57]

Zion

The Nonconscious Sea Works was founded in 1952 American Samoa a state-owned endeavour based on the remnants of the Palestine Potassium hydroxide Company.[58] In 1995, the company was privatized and it is right away owned by Israel Chemicals. From the Dead Sea brine, Israel produces (2001) 1.77 million scores caustic potash, 206,000 gobs elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda as, 25,000 oodles magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. Land companies generate around US$3 billion annually from the sales event of Dead Sea minerals (primarily potash and bromine), and from other products that are derived from Dead Oceangoing Minerals.[52]

Jordan

On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, Arabian Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually, as well as Na chloride and bromine. The plant is located at Safi, In the south Aghwar Section, in the Karak Governorate.

Jordanian Dead Oversea mineral industries generate about $1.2 cardinal in sales (equivalent to 4 percentage of Jordan's GDP).

West Bank

The Palestinian Deceased Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The Palestinian saving is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to classified access, let issues and the uncertainties of the investiture climate.[52] The Ma Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918M incremental value added per year, "just about equivalent to the donation of the stallion manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today".[52]

Both companies, Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Caustic potash, use extensive sharp evaporation pans that throw essentially diked the entire south-central end of the Dead Seagoing for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is then processed further to garden truck potassium chloride. The ponds are set-apart by a central dike that runs approximately north–south along the world border. The power station on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal (by a subsidiary, Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd.).

Due to the popularity of the sea's therapeutic and healing properties, several companies have also shown occupy in the manufacturing and supply of Stagnant Sea salts American Samoa raw materials for body and skin care products.

Receding and environmental concerns

Gully in unconsolidated Insensitive Sea sediments exposed by recession of urine levels. It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in to a lesser extent than a year.

Receding shoreline

Since 1930, when its surface was 1,050 km2 (410 sq mi) and its level was 390 m (1,280 foot) below seafaring level, the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously. The Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinkage since the 1960s because of diversion of inpouring water from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan River to the north[59] as part of the Political unit Water Postman scheme,[60] completed in 1964.[61] The Confederate end is fed by a epithelial duct maintained by the Dead Sea Works, a company that converts the suboceanic's raw materials. From a water aboveground of 395 m (1,296 ft) downstairs sea level in 1970[59] it fell 22 m (72 foot) to 418 m (1,371 ft) on a lower floor sea level in 2006, reaching a cliff rate of 1 m (3 ft) annually. Arsenic the water table decreases, the characteristics[ vague ] of the Sea and surrounding part whitethorn well change.

The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop, causing brines that wont to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater. This is believed to Be the cause of the modern appearance of large sinkholes along the Western shore—succeeding fresh water dissolves salt layers, quickly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to mould these sinkholes.[62] Eastern Samoa of 2021[update] Ein Gedi, on the western slide, has been subject to a large number of sinkholes appearing in the area, attributed to the decline in the H2O level of the Dead Sea.[60]

As of 2021[update], the surface of the Sea has shrunk by about 33 per cent since the 1960s, which is partly attributed to the a lot-reduced flow of the Jordan River since the construction of the National Water Carrier project, and the amount of water from the rains reach the Dead Sea has diminished even foster since brassy floods started pouring into the sinkholes. The EcoPeace Mediate East, a joint Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian environmental group, has estimated that the annual flow into the Dead Sea from the Jordan is equally of 2021[update] less than 100,000,000 cubic metres (3.5×109 cu ft) of piss, compared with former flows of between 1,200,000,000 blocky metres (4.2×1010 copper ft) and 1,300,000,000 box-shaped metres (4.6×1010 cu ft).[60]

Yr Water level (m) Surface (km2)
1930 −390 1050
1980 −400 680
1992 −407 675
1997 −411 670
2004 −417 662
2010 −423 655
2016 −430.5 605

Sources: Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research,[4] Haaretz,[2] Jordan Valley Authority.[63]

Views in 1972, 1989, and 2011 compared[64]

Link to the Red Subocean

In May 2009 at the World Worldly Assembly, Jordan River announced its plans to construct the "Jordan Subject Red Sea Evolution Envision" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea just about Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide freshwater to Jordan, with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replacement. Israel has verbalised its support and will prospective benefit from whatever of the water delivery to its Negev region.[65] [66]

At a regional conference in July 2009, officials unequivocal headache about the declining water levels. Just about suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others informed situation measures to restore conditions such equally increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Oceanic. Presently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run around in the river's channel. Experts also stressed the deman for strict conservation efforts. They said agriculture should not be expanded, sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and contamination sources should represent reduced.[67]

In October 2009, the Jordanians declared accelerated plans to draw out about 300 million cubic metres (11 zillion cubic feet) of water per year from the Red Sea, desalt it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel, disdain concerns about inadequate time to value the potential environmental impact. According to Jordan's minister for water, World-wide Maysoun Zu'bi, this project could be considered equally the first stage of the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance.[68]

In December 2013, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water grapevine to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea. The pipeline would be 180 km (110 mi) long and is estimated to take up to fin geezerhood to complete.[69] In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water was dropping past 1 m (3 ft) a year.[70]

On 27 Nov 2016, it was announced that the Asian country governing was shortlisting five consortia to follow up the project. Jordan's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 one thousand thousand first phase of the project would commence construction in the first quarter of 2018, and would be completed by 2021.[12]

Take in also

  • Lake Aral
  • Salton Sea
  • List of drying lakes
  • Leaning of places onto land with elevations below sea storey
  • Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal
  • Globe Discoveries Threesome: Dead Sea
  • Benjamin Elazari Volcani
  • PEF rock with the Dead Ocean level reference subscriber line used between 1900 and 1913

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Further Reading

  • The IBRD, 2013, "The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program", and source of basic information on the Dead Sea.
  • Yehouda Enzel, et aliae., eds (2006) Red-hot Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research, Geological Social club of U.S.A, ISBN 0-8137-2401-5
  • Niemi, Tina M., Ben-Avraham, Z., and Rod, J., eds., 1997, The Dead Offshore: The Lake and Its Setting: N.Y., Oxford Press, 286 p.
  • World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Social science Management Department, Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy, October 2, 2013

External links

Where Is the Dead Sea on the Globe?

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea

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